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Al Ghazali

Al-Ghazālī (Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī, 1058–1111 CE) was a Persian polymath, theologian, jurist, philosopher, and Sufi mystic whose works reconciled Islamic orthodoxy with rational inquiry and spiritual practice. Born in Ṭūs (near Mashhad, Iran), he studied Shāfiʿī jurisprudence and Ashʿarī theology under al-Juwaynī at Nishapur, rising to Baghdad’s prestigious Niẓāmiyya madrasa in 1091. A profound s

Averroes

Averroes, also known as Ibn Rushd, was a prominent Muslim philosopher and jurist in the medieval period. Born in Cordoba, Spain, in 1126, Averroes came from a distinguished family of jurists—both his grandfather and father served as a qadi (chief judge) in Seville and Cordoba. He was known for his expertise in various fields such as law, philosophy, theology, astronomy, mathematics, medicine, and theology. Averroes i

Averroes

Averroes points out that reason has its own lawful authority alongside revelation, and that coercion has no claim over truth. He defended reason against Al Ghazali's insistence on the legitimacy of mysticism as a way of knowing. By arguing that free inquiry is not a threat to order but a condition of justice, Averroes advances a lasting principle for free societies: power loses legitimacy when it forbids rational examination.

Aristotle

Aristotle was born in 384 BCE in Stagira, a Greek city on the Chalcidic peninsula of Macedonia. His father, Nicomachus, was a physician to King Amyntas III of Macedon, providing Aristotle with early exposure to medicine and natural philosophy. After his father’s death, Aristotle moved to Athens at age seventeen, where he became a student at Plato’s Academy. He remained there for two decades, deeply engaging with Plat

Avicenna

Avicenna (c. 980 – 1037 CE), known in the Islamic world as Ibn Sina, was a Persian thinker whose influence spanned philosophy, medicine, science, and theology. Born near Bukhara in the village of Afshana (modern Uzbekistan), he displayed remarkable intellect early on—memorizing the Quran and mastering diverse sciences by age 16.

Buddha

Founder of Buddhism : Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, established Buddhism through his teachings on the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, guiding individuals toward enlightenment by overcoming suffering and desire.

Copernicus

A 16th-century portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus, the Polish astronomer, depicted in profile with fur collar and cap, holding a compass and armillary sphere, symbolizing his heliocentric theory in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium that revolutionized cosmology.

Francis of Assisi

Francis of Assisi (c. 1181–1226 CE) was a preacher and mystic whose life and legacy have made him one of Christianity’s most cherished saints. Born Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone in the town of Assisi, he was raised in affluence as the son of a wealthy cloth merchant. He grew up in a wealthy family and had an early life of indulgence — until a spiritual awakening transformed his path entirely.

Mohammed

Allies, T. W. Peter’s Rock in Mohammed’s Flood, from St. Gregory the Great to St. Leo III: Exploring Christian-Islamic Relations in Early Medieval Period. Czechia: Good Press, 2020.

Plato

Plato (c. 428/427–348/347 BCE) was a Greek philosopher, writer, and foundational figure in Western philosophy. A student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle, Plato founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. His writings—mostly in the form of philosophical dialogues—explored ethics, politics, metaphysics, epistemology, art, and education. After the Trial of Socrates,

Rhazes

• Rhazes is best known for his contributions to the field of medicine, particularly his emphasis on clinical observation, diagnosis, and treatment.

Aeschylus

Aeschylus was an ancient Greek playwright known for writing powerful tragedies. He is often referred to as the “father of tragedy” for his transformative contributions to the development of Greek theater, particularly in the area of tragedy. Aeschylus was born around 525 BCE in Eleusis, a small town near Athens.

Ambrose

• Champion of Church Independence: Ambrose stood firm on the principle that the emperor was subject to the Church in spiritual matters. His most famous confrontation was with Emperor Theodosius, whom he refused to admit to communion until the emperor repented publicly for a massacre.

Amos

Prophetic Voice of Justice : Amos is recognized as one of the Twelve Minor Prophets in the Hebrew Bible, known for his powerful messages condemning social injustice and moral corruption in Israel and Judah.

Amos

Amos warns that power divorced from justice is illegitimate, no matter how ancient, wealthy, or religious it appears. By insisting that rulers and societies are judged by their treatment of the poor and the vulnerable, he advanced a radical idea—that the same moral law stands in judgment over all nations.

Anselm

Anselm of Canterbury (c. 1033 – 1109 CE) was a medieval philosopher, theologian, and archbishop, widely regarded as the father of Scholasticism. Born in Aosta (in present-day Italy), Anselm joined the Benedictine monastery of Bec in Normandy, where he eventually became prior and then abbot. His intellectual brilliance and spiritual discipline soon earned him renown across Europe.

Archimedes

Genius of Mathematical Discovery : Archimedes, a Greek mathematician and inventor, is celebrated for his groundbreaking contributions to geometry, calculus, and physics, including the principles of buoyancy and the lever.

Archimedes

Archimedes pressed for disciplined reason rather than command or tradition. By proving that nature yields to transparent rules and demonstrable proofs, he models a core principle of free societies: authority over knowledge rests with reason anyone can test—not with power that demands obedience. He affirmed that there is order in the natural world, and all men, including rulers, are subject to it.

Augustine

Augustine (Aurelius Augustinus, 354–430 CE) was a North African theologian, philosopher, and bishop whose writings shaped Western Christianity and Latin thought. Born in Thagaste (present-day Souk Ahras, Algeria), Augustine received a classical education in rhetoric at Carthage, taught in Rome and Milan, and converted to Christianity in 386 under Ambrose’s influence. After returning to Africa, he became bishop of Hip

Avicenna

Avicenna binds liberty to reasoned order, arguing that both nature and human life are governed by intelligible laws rather than arbitrary power. Avicenna inspired the notion of God as the necessary force unifying all existence. This uniting philosophy, science, and ethics under rational inquiry, he advances a durable insight for free societies: authority is legitimate only when it conforms to reason and universal principles, not mere command.

Bede

Bede (circa 673–735 CE), better known as The Venerable Bede, was a monk, historian, and theologian whose scholarly contributions earned him the title “Father of English History.” Born in the kingdom of Northumbria, Bede entered the twin monasteries of Monkwearmouth and Jarrow as a child and remained there for life, dedicating himself to prayer, teaching, and extensive writing.

Benedict

Saint Benedict, also known as Benedict of Nursia, is a Christian monk and a renowned figure in the field of philosophy. He is primarily known for his significant contributions to ethical theory and political philosophy. The exact details of his life remain shrouded in mystery, with conflicting accounts regarding his birthplace and upbringing. However, most scholars believe that he was born on March 2, 480, in Nursia,

Beowulf

Beowulf is not an individual historical author but rather the title character of the oldest known epic poem in the English language and the presumed hero of the Geats, a North-Germanic tribe. The epic poem, composed in Old English between the 8th and early 11th centuries, is set in pagan Scandinavia, specifically among the Danes and Geats. It recounts Beowulf’s heroic deeds, including battles with the monster Grendel

Bhagavadgita

Philosophical Voice of Dharma : The Bhagavad Gita, a 700-verse scripture within the Mahabharata, is revered for its dialogue between Krishna and Arjuna, offering timeless teachings on duty ( dharma ), devotion, and the path to liberation.

Blackstone

William Blackstone was an English jurist, judge, and legal scholar of the 18th century. He is widely known as the author of the “Commentaries on the Laws of England,” the most influential legal text in the English-speaking world, and is traditionally credited with making English common law accessible to ordinary citizens. His life represents a dramatic transformation from struggling lawyer to becoming a famous law pr

Boethius

Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (c. 480 – 524/525 CE) was a Roman philosopher, government official, and Christian thinker who helped bridge the classical and medieval worlds. Born into the distinguished aristocratic family of the Anicii, Boethius received a classical education and became fluent in both Latin and Greek. He held high political office under Theodoric the Great, ruler of the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Ita

Boethius

Boethius confronts tyranny, asking how freedom can survive when power is arbitrary and fortune cruel. He taught that all is subordinate to a higher realm, the summum bonum, or highest good. By locating true freedom in reason, conscience, and the rule of law over chance and force, he offers a final classical insight for free societies: power may imprison bodies, but it cannot command truth or inner freedom.

Burke

Edmund Burke (1729–1797) was an Irish-born thinker, writer, and politician who made his mark in British politics and became a leading voice in shaping modern conservative thought. Born in Dublin and educated at Trinity College, he moved to London and eventually became a long-serving Member of Parliament and public intellectual. Burke stood up for tradition, slow and steady reform, and the value of inherited wisdom. H

BurntNjal

Njáls saga (c. 1270–1280 CE), known in English as Burnt Njal or The Saga of Burnt Njáll , is the longest and most acclaimed of the Icelandic Íslendingasögur (Sagas of Icelanders). This anonymous prose masterpiece recounts a multi-generational blood feud spanning c. 960–1020 CE in Viking Age Iceland, blending historical events with dramatic artistry drawn from oral tradition. Set against the backdrop of Iceland’s Comm

Calvin

John Calvin (born Jean Cauvin, July 10, 1509 – May 27, 1564) was a French theologian, pastor, and principal figure of the second generation of the Protestant Reformation. Born in Noyon, Picardy, France, to a notary father and a devout mother, Calvin originally trained as a humanist lawyer. After breaking from the Roman Catholic Church around 1530 during a period of intense anti-Protestant violence in France, he sough

Chaucer

Geoffrey Chaucer was born between 1340 and 1345 in London to John Chaucer, a prosperous wine merchant, and Agnes Copton. Through his father’s connections, he began his career serving as a page to Elizabeth, Countess of Ulster, and later held numerous important positions as a courtier, diplomat, civil servant, and collector of scrap metal. Chaucer was fluent in French, Italian, and Latin, traveled extensively on diplo

Cicero

Cicero, full name Marcus Tullius Cicero, was a Roman statesman, orator, lawyer, writer, and philosopher who lived during the late Roman Republic. He is considered one of Rome’s greatest writers and speakers. He was born on January 3, 106 BCE, in Arpinum, Italy, and was executed on December 7, 43 BCE, in Formiae, Italy, by order of Mark Antony during the proscriptions following the assassination of Julius Caesar. Cice

Coke

Sir Edward Coke (1552–1634) was a powerhouse in English legal history—a jurist, judge, and politician who helped shape the idea of the rule of law. Born in Mileham, Norfolk, Coke studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, then trained at Middle Temple to become a barrister.

Confucius

Founder of Confucian Wisdom : Confucius, known as Kongzi, established Confucianism, a philosophical and ethical system emphasizing moral virtue, social harmony, and filial piety, shaping Chinese culture and governance through teachings like the Analects.

Dante

Dante Alighieri was born in Florence, Italy, around May 21–June 20, 1265, to a family of lesser nobility. Florence at the time was a hotbed of political intrigue and factionalism, with the Guelph and Ghibelline parties vying for power—a scenario that would profoundly shape Dante’s life and work. His mother died in his childhood, and his father died when Dante was still young. He married Gemma Donati around 1285, thou

Dante

Dante Alighieri separates spiritual authority from temporal power, arguing that political order collapses when rulers claim ultimate moral sovereignty. In De Monarchia he argues for a supreme world monarchy, with all other temporal rulers subject to it. By insisting that earthly government must be limited, lawful, and independent of coercive spiritual control, he advances a crucial insight for free societies: freedom survives when church and state are separate.

Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence (1776), primarily authored by Thomas Jefferson and edited by the Continental Congress, drew heavily from Enlightenment thinkers, especially John Locke’s ideas of natural rights, social contract theory, and the right of revolution (adapted famously from “life, liberty, and property” to “Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness”). It also echoed the Virginia Declaration of Rights by Ge

Epictetus

Epictetus was a Greek Stoic philosopher born in Hierapolis, Phrygia (present-day Pamukkale, Turkey) around 55 CE. He was born as a slave and later gained his freedom to become one of the most influential thinkers of Rome. Due to a lack of concrete information, very little is known about his early life, but it is believed that Epictetus studied Stoic philosophy under the guidance of Musonius Rufus (a renowned Stoic ph

Erasmus

Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536) was a Dutch scholar, writer, and priest who is known for his works that laid the foundation for the Protestant Reformation. Born in Rotterdam and orphaned young, he reluctantly became an Augustinian monk before obtaining permission to study abroad. As a wandering scholar, he lived across Europe, supporting himself through teaching, patronage, and his extraordinarily popular writings. Hi

Euclid

Euclid was a Greek mathematician active around 300 BCE, best known for authoring Elements , one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics. While biographical details are sparse, he is believed to have taught and conducted research at the Library of Alexandria. Euclid drew on earlier work by mathematicians like Eudoxus, Pythagoras, and Theaetetus, organizing their discoveries into a deductive system

Euclid

Euclid demonstrated that truth can be established by transparent rules, shared definitions, and logical proof rather than authority or force. He sought to understand the order of the physical universe and the subjection of all men, including rulers, to that order.

Gaius

Gaius (full name unknown, fl. c. 160 CE) was a Roman jurist and legal educator whose Institutes became the foundational textbook of Roman law. Likely born in the eastern provinces (possibly Asia Minor), Gaius taught law in Rome during the Antonine era, outside the imperial bureaucracy. He systematized centuries of legal tradition into a clear, student-oriented framework, dividing law into persons, things, and actions

Galen

Aelius Galen or Claudius Galen, also known as Galen of Pergamon, was a prominent Greek physician, surgeon, and philosopher in the 2nd century CE. He was born in Pergamon, a city in Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey), in 129 AD during the Roman Empire. Galen’s father, Aelius Nicon, was a wealthy architect, providing Galen with the means to pursue his education in medicine. Galen traveled extensively throughout the Mediter

Galileo

Galileo Galilei (b. February 15, 1564, Pisa, Italy – d. January 8, 1642, Arcetri, near Florence) was an Italian natural philosopher, astronomer, physicist, and mathematician. Born to Vincenzo Galilei, a musician, Galileo originally studied medicine at the University of Pisa but shifted to mathematics and philosophy. He became a professor at Pisa and later at the University of Padua. Galileo was known for his experime

Gilgamesh

Legendary King of Uruk: Central figure in the Epic of Gilgamesh , one of the earliest known works of literature, celebrated as a heroic ruler.

Goethe

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832) was a German literary titan—a poet, novelist, playwright, scientist, statesman, and philosopher. Born in Frankfurt am Main on August 28, 1749, he received a classical education encouraged by his father, Johann Caspar Goethe, an imperial councilor. Goethe studied law at Leipzig University but soon directed his energies toward literature and art, publishing poems and theatrical wo

Groot

Geert Groote, also known as Gerhard Groet, was a religious Dutch Catholic deacon who founded the Brethren of Common Life. He was born in the Hanseatic city of Deventer, where his father held a good civic position. Being born into a rich family, he received an excellent education. He studied at the University of Paris, where he earned a Master of Arts degree. He later taught at Cologne and Paris, but at the age of 34,

Grotius

Hugo Grotius (1583–1645) was a Dutch legal genius, philosopher, theologian, and diplomat who helped lay the groundwork for modern international law. Born in Delft, Netherlands, he was a child prodigy—fluent in Latin and Greek by age 8 and publishing scholarly work at just 11.

Grotius

Hugo Grotius places law above rulers and even above confessional division, arguing that justice binds all political power through reason and natural right. Grotius viewed international law as grounded in natural law. By grounding rights and limits on authority in principles that hold “even if God did not exist,” he advances a foundational claim of modern liberty: law restrains power because it rests on universal reason, not permission from rulers.

Hammurabi Code

The Hammurabi Code is one of the oldest known written legal codes, originating in ancient Mesopotamia during the reign of King Hammurabi of Babylon (ca. 1792–1750 BCE). It was inscribed on a basalt stele and placed in public view, signifying both the authority of the king and the transparency of law. This comprehensive legal text outlines 282 laws dealing with civil, criminal, commercial, and family matters. The prol

Hammurabi-Code

With the Code of Hammurabi, Hammurabi transformed power into something answerable to publicly known rules, carving law in stone so ruler and ruled alike could see it. Freedom’s long struggle begins here: not with equality, but with the radical idea that justice is written, knowable, and binding rather than the whim of the strong.

Heimskringla

Heimskringla (c. 1225–1235 CE) is a monumental saga chronicle of Norwegian kings from legendary origins to 1177 CE, attributed to the Icelandic chieftain, poet, and historian Snorri Sturluson (1179–1241). Comprising 16 sagas in three main parts—Ynglinga Saga, the lives of historical kings from Halfdan the Black to Harald Hardrada, and the civil war era—it is written in clear, objective Old Norse prose with embedded s

Hesiod

Hesiod was an ancient Greek poet of the late 8th or early 7th century BCE. He is one of the earliest Greek poets (around the same time as Homer) whose work has survived in its entirety, providing insights into the agricultural practices, religious beliefs, and moral values of ancient Greece.

Hesiod

In Works and Days, Hesiod insists that justice depends on honest labor, fair dealing, and restraint rather than brute power or noble birth. By warning that injustice corrodes communities from within, he helped frame freedom as a moral order sustained by law, work, and accountability in everyday life. Man must worship Justice above all other virtues.

Hippocrates

Pioneer of Medical Science : Hippocrates revolutionized medicine by introducing systematic observation and diagnosis, emphasizing natural causes of disease over supernatural explanations.

Homer

Born/Died: He is believed to have lived during the 8th or 7th century BCE, possibly in Ionia (modern-day western Turkey). The details of Homer’s birth and life are unclear, both by contemporary and scholastic sources.

Hosea

Prophetic Voice of Covenant : Hosea is recognized as one of the Twelve Minor Prophets in the Hebrew Bible, renowned for his messages of God’s steadfast love and the call to repentance amid Israel’s unfaithfulness, using his own life as a metaphor.

Hume

David Hume, a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, is considered one of the most important figures in the history of Western philosophy. Born in Edinburgh in 1711, Hume was raised by his widowed mother after the death of his father. He studied law at the University of Edinburgh but soon discovered his passion for philosophy and literature. Hume’s works encompass a wide range of topics, including

Huss

His outspoken views didn’t go unnoticed. In 1415, he was summoned to the Council of Constance, where he was put on trial for heresy. Hus stood by what he believed and refused to take back his words. He was sentenced to death and burned at the stake. His execution lit the spark for the Hussite movement and a wave of religious conflict across Central Europe.

Isaiah

• Prophetic Voice of Justice: Isaiah is celebrated as one of the major prophets in the Hebrew Bible, known for his powerful messages of justice, righteousness, and the coming of a Messiah, addressing the moral failings of Judah and the hope of redemption.

Jeremiah

Prophetic Voice of Judah’s Covenant : Jeremiah is renowned for his impassioned calls for repentance and warnings of divine judgment against Judah’s unfaithfulness. His messages, often delivered through symbolic acts, emphasized God’s covenant and the consequences of straying from it.

Jesus Christ

Founder of Christianity : Established a transformative spiritual movement based on love, forgiveness, and the Kingdom of God, reshaping religious and moral thought.

Job

Job is the central figure of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible and a prophet in Islam known as Ayyūb. Introduced as a prosperous and righteous man in the land of Uz, Job is continually tested in a bet between God and Satan. Known for his integrity and devotion to God, Job is described as ‘blameless,’ making his suffering a well-known literary tragedy. Structured between a prose prologue and epilogue, the Book of Jo

John

John the Apostle, also known as Saint John the Beloved, was one of Jesus’ twelve disciples according to the New Testament. He is traditionally considered to be the author of the Gospel of John, three epistles, and the Book of Revelation. He was born in 6 AD at Bethsaida in Galilee during the Roman Empire. John was the son of Zebedee and Salome and is listed as the youngest apostle. He is the brother of James the Grea

Kalidasa

Kalidasa is widely regarded as one of the greatest poets and dramatists in Sanskrit literature. He is often called the “Shakespeare of India.” While the exact identity of Kalidasa and his time period remain a subject of scholarly debate, many scholars believe that he lived during the 4th or 5th century CE, although others suggest different timelines. Due to the lack of concrete biographical information, much about hi

Kalidasa

Kalidasa explores dharma—the moral law that binds rulers and subjects alike—showing how power must answer to justice, memory, and rightful order. By dramatizing legitimacy, consent, and restraint in love and kingship, he affirms a durable insight: authority endures only when it honors law and moral obligation beyond impulse or force.

Kant

Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) was a German philosopher who stands as one of the most important figures in Western philosophy. Born and raised in Königsberg, Prussia, he spent his entire life there, teaching, thinking, and writing.

Kant

Immanuel Kant anchors liberty in moral autonomy, arguing that freedom consists not in doing as one pleases but in obeying laws one can rationally will for all. The human being is always an end in himself, never a means to an end. By grounding rights and political authority in universal moral law, he delivers a decisive insight for free societies: power is legitimate only when it respects the equal moral agency of every person.

Lao Tzu

Lao Tzu teaches that the least coercive power is the most enduring. By teaching that order arises from restraint, humility, and non-domination rather than force, he articulated a radical insight—that freedom is preserved when rulers govern lightly and allow human life to unfold without compulsion.

LaoTzu

Founder of Taoism : Established a profound philosophical and spiritual tradition centered on the Tao (the Way), advocating harmony with nature and simplicity.

Locke

John Locke was a prominent English philosopher and physician in the 17th century, known for his contributions to the fields of political theory, epistemology, and philosophy of mind. He was born in Wrington, Somerset, England, on August 29, 1632, and died on October 28, 1704, in Oates, Essex. Locke’s influence on Western philosophy and political thought is profound, with his ideas shaping the Enlightenment period and

Luke

Evangelist of Compassion : Luke, a physician and author of the third Gospel and Acts of the Apostles, is renowned for his emphasis on Jesus’ mercy, inclusion of the marginalized, and detailed historical narrative in the New Testament.

Luther

Martin Luther (1483–1546 CE) was a German monk, theologian, professor, and reformer whose 95 Theses (1517) ignited the Protestant Reformation, fracturing Western Christendom. Born in Eisleben (Saxony), he studied law at Erfurt before a 1505 thunderstorm vow led him to join the Augustinian friars. Ordained in 1507, he earned a doctorate in theology (1512) and taught at Wittenberg University. Tormented by guilt and Anf

Magna Carta

Magna Carta , Latin for “Great Charter,” is a foundational document in English legal history that was issued in 1215 during the reign of King John of England. It was the result of a political crisis between the king and his barons, who were unhappy with his tyrannical rule and heavy taxation. The barons pressured King John to agree to a list of concessions that would limit his power and protect their feudal rights. T

Mahabharata

Mahabharata is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India (the other is Ramayana) that is attributed traditionally to the sage Vyasa, who narrated the events of the Kurukshetra War and its background into a structured poem, while Lord Ganesha transcribed it. It consists of over 100,000 verses. Its exact date of composition remains unknown, but scholars believe that the written epic took shape anywhere betwe

Maimonides

Maimonides, also known as Moses Ben Maimon, was a famous Jewish philosopher, theologian, physician, and influential Torah scholar in the Middle Ages. He was born in Cordoba, Spain, around 1135 AD, and died in Cairo, Egypt, in 1204. Maimonides is considered one of the greatest Jewish scholars of all time, known for his vast contributions to philosophy, medicine, and Jewish law. In his time, he served as a personal phy

Mark

• Author of the Earliest Gospel: The Gospel of Mark is widely considered the first written gospel and served as a source for Matthew and Luke (the “Synoptic Problem”).

Matthew

Matthew was one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. He is widely known as one of the four canonical Gospels in the New Testament of the Bible and is traditionally ascribed to the apostle Matthew. His life represents a dramatic transformation from tax collector to evangelist. The Gospel of Matthew provides an account of the life, ministry, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. While the authorship of the Gospel is deb

Melanchthon

Philipp Melanchthon, born Philipp Schwartzerdt on February 16, 1497, in Bretten, Germany, was a highly influential German reformer, theologian, and scholar during the Protestant Reformation. He is best known for his close collaboration with Martin Luther and his role in the development of Lutheran theology. Melanchthon was a key figure in the establishment of the University of Wittenberg, where he served as a profess

Mencius

Mencius, also known as Mengzi or Meng-tzu, was one of the influential Chinese Confucian philosophers who lived during the Warring States period. He is considered one of the most important Confucian thinkers after Confucius himself (often referred to as the Second Sage). Mencius was born in the state of Zou (now known as Shandong Province) in 371 BCE and is believed to have died around 289 BCE. Little is known about h

Micah

Micah is a biblical figure who lived around the 8th century BCE at Moresheth-Gath, in the kingdom of Judah. He was considered to be one of the twelve minor prophets in the Hebrew Bible. According to the Hebrew Bible, Micah was a prophet of Yahweh, and he is considered to be the author of the book “The Book of Micah.” He is traditionally believed to have been a contemporary of the prophets Isaiah, Amos, and Hosea. Mic

Milton

John Milton (London, 9 December 1608 – London, 8 November 1674) was an English poet, polemicist, intellectual, and civil servant. Born into a devout and musically gifted family, he was educated first at St. Paul’s School and then at Christ’s College, Cambridge, where he cultivated his love of languages and literature. Following extensive private study and travel in Europe (notably Italy), Milton became engaged in the

Mo Tzu

Mo Tzu (Mozi, Mo Di, Micius, c. 470–391 BCE) was a Chinese philosopher and the founder of Mohism, a school of thought that emerged during the tumultuous Warring States period. Born in the State of Lu (present-day Shandong province), Mozi likely received a Confucian education before developing his own philosophical system. He traveled widely, offering counsel to rulers and advocating for social reforms based on impart

Mo Tzu

Mo Tzu challenges privilege and hereditary power by arguing that authority is legitimate only when it serves the common good. By defending impartial care, merit, and restraint in warfare and governance, he advanced a radical claim for liberty’s history: power must justify itself by its benefits to all, not by tradition, rank, or force.

Mohammed

Mohammad attempts to subordinate power to law, insisting that rulers and ruled alike are bound by a single moral code. By founding a community governed by revealed law rather than lineage or force, he articulates a durable principle for free societies: authority is legitimate only when it is accountable to law beyond human will.

Moses

In Abrahamic religions, Moses is a Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites’ exodus from Ancient Egypt, featured in the Pentateuch, or “Five Books of Moses.” He is considered the most important prophet in Judaism, and one of the most important prophets in Christianity, Islam, and other Abrahamic religions. In the Christian and Hebrew Bible, as well as the Quran, God dictated the Mosaic Law to Moses, which he wrote down

Moses

With Moses, liberty acquires a revolutionary foundation: law stands above rulers, binding king and people alike under a moral covenant. By grounding justice in divine command rather than human power, Mosaic law helped forge the enduring idea that freedom begins when authority itself is restrained by higher law.

Newton

Isaac Newton (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727, N.S.) was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who emerged as one of the defining figures of the Scientific Revolution. Born in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, Newton overcame early adversity after the death of his father and a difficult family life. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1661, where he was introduced to the “ne

Newton

Isaac Newton proves that nature is governed by universal laws, such as the law of gravity, discoverable by reason, not by authority or tradition. By making truth public, testable, and independent of power, he advances a principle essential to free societies: authority must submit to laws that apply equally to all.

Origen

• Built a Framework: Origen was the first to try creating a complete theological system. He asked big questions—about God, evil, salvation—and tried to answer them with logic and faith.

Origen

Origen presses liberty into the realm of interpretation and conscience, arguing that faith coerced by power is no faith at all. God, he said, gave his creation, man, the gift of freedom and reason. By insisting that truth must be sought through reasoned inquiry, moral freedom, and responsible interpretation rather than imposed authority, he advances a lasting insight: liberty survives where belief is chosen, examined, and disciplined by conscience.

Paul

Paul was born into a Jewish family with Roman citizenship, a status that afforded him unique privileges and mobility throughout the empire. Deeply devoted to Jewish tradition, he initially saw the early Christian movement as a dangerous threat to Judaism. He actively sought to suppress it, participating in the persecution of Jesus’s followers.

Petrarch

Petrarch, also known as Francesco Petrarca, was an Italian scholar, poet, and humanist who is often referred to as the “Father of Humanism.” Born in Arezzo, Tuscany, in 1304, Petrarch spent much of his early life traveling throughout Italy and France, studying law and classical literature. He is best known for his poetry, particularly his sonnets written in Italian, which had a significant influence on the developmen

Plotinus

Plotinus was a Greek philosopher born in Roman Egypt, most likely in Lyco (modern Asyut) or Lycopolis. He is widely recognized as the founder of Neoplatonism, a philosophy that profoundly influenced late antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance. Plotinus began studying philosophy in Alexandria at age 28, becoming a devoted student of Ammonius Saccas for eleven years. He joined Emperor Gordian III’s Persian exp

Plutarch

Plutarch (Greek: Πλούταρχος, Latin: Plutarchus) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi. Born around 46 CE in Chaeronea, Boeotia (central Greece), he came from a prominent local family and received an education, studying philosophy, rhetoric, and ethics in Athens. Plutarch traveled widely, including at least one visit to Rome, where he me

Psalms

The book of Psalms, also known as the Psalter, is the first book of the third section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) called Ketuvim, and a book of the Old Testament. The book is an anthology of Hebrew religious hymns, divided into five sections, each ending with a doxology, a hymn of praise. There are several types of psalms, including hymns or songs of praise, communal laments, royal psalms, imprecation, and individua

Reformation Chorale

Reformation Chorale is a seminal collection of hymns and songs that emerged during the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. Comprising a wide array of musical compositions, the Reformation Chorale played a significant role in the spread of Protestant ideas and theology through congregational singing. This musical tradition, rooted in the principles of sola scriptura and congregational participation, was a key

Rigveda

The Rigveda is one of the oldest and most important sacred texts of ancient Indian literature, forming the foundation of Hinduism and Indian culture. Written in Vedic Sanskrit, it is a key part of the Vedas, and it is a collection of over 1,000 hymns divided into ten books (mandalas), which were likely written over a period of several centuries. The Rigveda is considered to be one of the four Vedas, the sacred script

Rigveda

The Rigveda introduces a radical idea at the dawn of civilization: that cosmic order (ṛta), not brute force, ultimately governs both gods and men. By grounding authority in moral law and truth rather than mere power, it planted an early seed of the conception that rulers, like all humans, are bound by an order higher than themselves.

Robinson

John Robinson (1576–1625 CE) was an English Separatist pastor, theologian, and one of the founders of the Congregational Church alongside Robert Browne and Henry Barrow. Born in Sturton le Steeple, Nottinghamshire, he studied at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, embracing Puritanism before resigning from the Church of England over episcopacy and rituals. Leading the Scrooby congregation, he fled persecution to Amste

Periods

1000–1100 AD

← Back to All Books 1000–1100 AD The eleventh century AD includes major works of Islamic philosophy, Japanese literature, Icelandic saga tradition, Christian theology, and medieval music. This section highlights Avicenna, al-Ghazzālī, The Tale of Genji, The Pillow Book, Njála saga, Anselm, The Song of Roland, and Byzantine church music. Read More No books match this filter.

800–900 AD

← Back to All Books 800–900 AD The ninth century AD includes important works of medieval commentary, travel writing, Islamic philosophy, medicine, and political thought. This section highlights Johannes Scotus Erigena, Ennin’s travels in T’ang China, Rhazes, and al-Fārābī’s aphorisms of the statesman. Read More No books match this filter.

1–100 AD

← Back to All Books 1–100 AD During the first century AD, Jewish, Greek, and Roman intellectual traditions continued to shape the foundations of theology, philosophy, biblical interpretation, and classical scholarship. This section highlights Philo Judaeus, whose writings and later Loeb Classical Library editions helped preserve important connections between Jewish theology, Greek philosophy, biblical interpretation,

100–1 BC

← Back to All Books 100 BC – 1 AD This shelf covers the late Roman Republic and early Empire, featuring major works of Virgil, Horace, Ovid, and the historian Diodorus Siculus, along with studies of Roman religion. It includes both poetic masterpieces (the *Aeneid*, *Georgics*, and love poetry) and historical writing, reflecting Rome’s cultural golden age. Read More No books match this filter.

100–200 AD

← Back to All Books 100–200 AD The second century AD includes major works of Roman Stoic philosophy and ancient medical scholarship, especially through Marcus Aurelius and Galen. This section highlights editions and translations of Marcus Aurelius’s philosophical writings, including Meditations and related texts, as well as Galen’s influential work On the Natural Faculties. Read More No books match this filter.

1000–800 BC

← Back to All Books 1000–800 BC This bookshelf gathers important works connected to Chinese ritual, poetry, early science, and the Homeric tradition from 1000 to 800 BC. These selections include Chinese ceremonial and poetic traditions, classical anthologies, works connected to the history of science, and major editions and translations of Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey. Together, they introduce visitors to foundational l

1100–1200 AD

← Back to All Books 1100–1200 AD The twelfth century AD includes major works of medieval theology, law, philosophy, epic literature, Norse saga tradition, and cross-cultural travel. This section highlights Abelard and Heloise, Bernard of Clairvaux, Norwegian laws, the Nibelungenlied, Averroës, Maimonides, and the travels of the Taoist Ch‘ang-ch‘un. Read More No books match this filter.

1200–1300 AD

← Back to All Books 1200–1300 AD The thirteenth century AD includes major works of scholastic philosophy, Franciscan spirituality, Norse saga literature, medieval travel writing, Dante, and theological commentary. This section highlights Robert Grosseteste, St. Francis of Assisi, Thomas Aquinas, Snorri Sturluson, Marco Polo, Dante Alighieri, Duns Scotus, and important Icelandic saga texts. Read More No books match th

1300–1400 AD

← Back to All Books 1300–1400 AD The fourteenth century AD includes major works of medieval literature, philosophy, reform theology, drama, poetry, and historical thought. This section highlights Arabian Nights, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Wycliffe, Ibn Khaldūn, Chaucer, Nō plays, Piers Plowman, Jan Hus, and related medieval literary and theological works. Read More No books match this filter.

1400–1500 AD

← Back to All Books 1400–1500 AD From 1400 to 1500 AD, Europe entered a transformative age in which Renaissance humanism, religious renewal, political realism, scientific inquiry, and literary imagination reshaped ideas of human dignity and freedom. Thomas à Kempis and Savonarola called individuals to conscience and spiritual discipline; Leonardo celebrated the creative powers of the human mind; Erasmus used satire t

1500–1600 AD

← Back to All Books 1500–1600 AD The sixteenth century AD includes major works of the Reformation, Renaissance literature, early modern science, music, political thought, and Shakespearean drama. This section highlights Luther, Calvin, Tyndale, Rabelais, Cellini, Montaigne, Cervantes, Spenser, Bacon, Shakespeare, Galileo, Kepler, and other major voices of the early modern world. Read More No books match this filter.

1700–1800 AD

← Back to All Books 1700–1800 AD From 1700 to 1800 AD, the Enlightenment reshaped philosophy, politics, economics, science, literature, music, and ideas of human freedom. This section highlights Bach, Berkeley, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Jonathan Edwards, Samuel Johnson, Hume, Rousseau, Adam Smith, Kant, Burke, Gibbon, Paine, Jefferson, Hamilton, Bentham, Goethe, Blake, Fichte, Malthus, Hegel, and other major voices of t

1800–1900 AD

← Back to All Books 1800–1900 AD From 1800 to 1900 AD, philosophers, economists, scientists, novelists, and political reformers transformed humanity’s understanding of liberty, industry, psychology, democracy, and the individual. Clausewitz redefined modern warfare; Goethe explored ambition and redemption; Schopenhauer examined suffering and human desire; Faraday revolutionized electricity and experimental science; S

1900–2000 AD

← Back to All Books 1900–2000 AD The twentieth century brought revolutions in philosophy, economics, politics, science, psychology, literature, and modern ideas about freedom, society, and human nature. This section highlights George Santayana, Max Weber, Albert Einstein, James Joyce, Karl Barth, Ludwig von Mises, Arnold Toynbee, Friedrich Hayek, Karl Popper, Robert Ardrey, Jacques Barzun, and many other influential

200–100 BC

← Back to All Books 200–100 BC This period covers the late Hellenistic world and the expanding Roman Republic, including the aftermath of the Punic Wars and Rome’s growing dominance across the Mediterranean. These decades saw the continued influence of Greek culture, the rise of Roman military and political power, the Maccabean Revolt in Judea, and important developments in philosophy, historiography, and governance

200–300 AD

← Back to All Books 200–300 AD From 200 to 300 AD, religious, philosophical, and historical writers deepened reflection on conscience, truth, spiritual freedom, and the dignity of the human person. Hippolytus, Origen, Cyprian, and Eastern Christian liturgical traditions explored faith, moral discipline, and the freedom of the soul before God. Sextus Empiricus challenged dogmatism through skepticism. Plotinus, author

300–200 BC

← Back to All Books 300–200 BC This period covers the Hellenistic era and the transmission of Greek mathematics, alongside important Chinese philosophical texts. The shelf features foundational mathematical works (Euclid’s Elements, Archimedes, Apollonius’ Conics) alongside key texts from early Chinese thought (Xunzi and Han Fei Tzu), reflecting the intellectual breadth of the era. Read More No books match this filte

300–400 AD

← Back to All Books 300–400 AD The fourth century AD includes major Christian, theological, liturgical, legal, and philosophical writings from figures such as St. Jerome, St. Ambrose, and St. Augustine. This section highlights important editions and translations connected to early church theology, Augustine’s writings, Ambrosian liturgy, and the Theodosian legal tradition. Read More No books match this filter.

3000–2000 BC

← Back to All Books 3000–2000 BC This bookshelf gathers key texts and studies connected to the ancient Near East, Sumer, Egypt, and early religious traditions from 3000 to 2000 BC. These works introduce visitors to some of the earliest known civilizations, including Sumerian history and culture, the Gilgamesh tradition, ancient Near Eastern texts, world scripture, and Egyptian pyramid inscriptions. Together, they pro

400–300 BC

← Back to All Books 400–300 BC This shelf contains every edition recorded in the original catalog cards for the period 400–300 BC. It features multiple translations of Plato’s major dialogues, key works by Aristotle, Demosthenes’ orations, and important Eastern texts that appear alongside them. The cards document a rich working collection built around the great conversation of classical antiquity — from Plato’s Acade

400–500 AD

← Back to All Books 400–500 AD This bookshelf brings together Sanskrit drama, Indian poetry, and Hebraic literature from the 400–500 AD period, highlighting how different traditions explored dignity, justice, moral responsibility, and human freedom. Reading these works broadens the history of liberty and dignity beyond the familiar Greek, Roman, Christian, and modern European traditions. Kalidasa and Sudraka show hum

500–400 BC

← Back to All Books 500–400 BC The fifth century BC represents the golden age of Greek literature and thought. These works capture the intellectual and artistic peak of classical Greece: the birth of tragedy and comedy, the rise of historical writing, and the foundations of Western political and medical thought. Read More No books match this filter.

500–600 AD

← Back to All Books 500–600 AD The sixth century AD preserves important works of philosophy, monasticism, Roman law, liturgical music, and comparative religious thought. This section highlights Boethius, Benedictine monastic traditions, Justinian legal scholarship, Gregorian chant studies, and early modern introductions to Zen Buddhism. Read More No books match this filter.

600–500 BC

← Back to All Books 600–500 BC This bookshelf gathers works connected to the history, civilization, and cultural traditions of ancient China during the period from 600 to 500 BC. These selections introduce visitors to major developments in Chinese civilization, including historical traditions, cultural foundations, and scholarly approaches to Chinese history and bibliography. Together, they provide a framework for un

600–700 AD

← Back to All Books 600–700 AD The seventh century AD includes important religious, historical, literary, and cultural works from Islamic, Chinese, Anglo-Saxon, and Byzantine traditions. This section highlights selections from the Koran, Chinese prose literature of the T’ang period, Fredegar’s Chronicle, Bede’s historical writings, and Barlaam and Joasaph. Read More No books match this filter.

700–800 AD

← Back to All Books 700–800 AD The eighth century AD preserves major works of Anglo-Saxon epic poetry and classical Chinese literary scholarship. This section highlights Beowulf, translations connected to Tolkien scholarship, Tu Fu’s poetry, and literary studies of Chinese writers from the T’ang period. Read More No books match this filter.

800–600 BC

← Back to All Books 800–600 BC This bookshelf gathers works connected to the Upanishads, biblical tradition, Greek mathematics, and Sappho from 800 to 600 BC. These selections include major translations and reference works related to the Upanishads, an Oxford edition of the King James Bible, classical sources for Greek mathematics, and poetic works associated with Sappho. Together, they highlight philosophical, spiri

900–1000 AD

← Back to All Books 900–1000 AD This period covers the late Viking Age and the emergence of medieval Europe, including the Ottonian Renaissance, the consolidation of Anglo-Saxon England, and the strengthening of Christian monastic and scholarly traditions. These decades saw the continued influence of Viking raids and settlements, the rise of the Ottonian dynasty in the Holy Roman Empire, the unification of England un

Books & Works

al-Iḥyā ul-‘Ulūm (Revival of the Sciences)

al-Ghazzālī, 1058–1111 · 1872 · al-Iḥyā ul-‘Ulūm (Revival of the Sciences). Bulāq, 1872. Arabic text.

Fuṣūl al-madanī; Aphorisms of the Statesman

al-Fārābī · 1961 · Fuṣūl al-madanī; aphorisms of the statesman. Edited with English translation by D. M. Dunlop. Cambridge University Press, 1961.

Tahāfut al-Falāsifah: Incoherence of the Philosophers

al-Ghazzālī, 1058–1111 · 1958 · Tahāfut al-falāsifah. Translated by Sabih Ahmad Kamali. 1958.

Tahafut al-Tahafut

Averroës, 1126–1198 · 1954 · Tahafut al-tahafut (The Incoherence of the Incoherence). Translated by Simon van den Bergh. London: Luzac, 1954.

The Faith and Practice of Al-Ghazzālī

al-Ghazzālī, 1058–1111 · 1953 · The faith and practice of Al-Ghazzālī, by W. Montgomery Watt. 1953.

Alexander Hamilton: Selections

Hamilton, Alexander, 1757–1804 · 1957 · Alexander Hamilton: selections representing his life, his thought, and his style. Edited with an introduction by Bower Aly. New York, Liberal Arts Press, [1957]. xxxv, 201 p. 21 cm.

Also the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

Bede, the Venerable, Saint, 673–735 · 1907? · Also the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Translated by J. A. Giles. Bohn’s Antiquarian Library.

Destructio Destructionum Philosophiae Algazelis

Averroës, 1126–1198 · 1961 · Destructio destructionum philosophiae Algazelis. Edited by Beatrice H. Zedler. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1961.

Original Letters of Locke, Algernon Sidney, and Anthony, Lord Shaftesbury

Forster, Thomas Ignatius Maria, 1789–1860 · 1830 · Original letters of Locke, Algernon Sidney, and Anthony, Lord Shaftesbury... London, J. B. Nichols and Son, 1830.

The Commedia and Canzoniere of Dante Alighieri

Dante Alighieri, 1265–1321 · 1896 · The Commedia and Canzoniere of Dante Alighieri. Translated by E. H. Plumptre. London: Isbister and Company, 1896. 2 volumes.

The De Monarchia of Dante Alighieri

Dante Alighieri, 1265–1321 · 1904 · The De Monarchia of Dante Alighieri. Edited with translation and notes by Aurelia Henry. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1904.

The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri

Dante Alighieri, 1265–1321 · 1932 · The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri. The Carlyle-Wicksteed translation. New York: The Modern Library, 1932.

The Recollections of Alexis de Tocqueville

Alexis de Tocqueville · 1949 · Memoirs and reflections from Tocqueville.

The Refutation of All Heresies

Hippolytus of Rome · 1868 (MacMahon trans.) · Translated by Rev. J. H. MacMahon. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark; London: Hamilton & Co.; Dublin: John Robertson & Co., 1868.

The Travels of an Alchemist

Li Chih-ch‘ang, 1193–1278 · 1931 · The Travels of an Alchemist: Journey of the Taoist Ch‘ang-ch‘un. Translated by Arthur Waley. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1931.

The Wit and Wisdom of Alfred North Whitehead

Alfred North Whitehead · 1947 · Selections from Whitehead’s philosophical writings.

A Tenth-Century Document of Arabic Literary Theory and Criticism

al-Bāqillānī, Muḥammad ibn ‘Abd al-Ṭayyib · 1950 · A tenth-century document... by al-Bāqillānī. Translated by Gustavo E. von Grunebaum. 1950.

Fabian Essays

George Bernard Shaw et al. · 1948 · Important collection of essays on Fabian socialism.

The Oxford Classical Dictionary

M. Cary et al. (eds.) · 1957 · Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957.

The Spiritual Physick of Rhazes

Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyā, Abū Bakr, al-Rāzī · 1950 · The spiritual physick of Rhazes. Translated from the Arabic by Arthur J. Arberry. Wisdom of the East Series, 1950.

A Serious Call to a Devout and Holy Life

Law, William, 1686–1761 · 1893 · A serious call to a devout and holy life; adapted to the state and condition of all orders and conditions of Christians. London, 1893. 267 p. 16½ cm. The Ancient & Modern Library of Theological Literature. ARD-9116

A Short History of Music

Alfred Einstein · 1934 · 3rd American edition. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1934.

A Short Italian Dictionary

Alfred Hoare · 1957 · Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1957.

An Essay on Man

Pope, Alexander, 1688–1744 · 1951 · An essay on man, edited by Maynard Mack. London, Methuen; New Haven, Yale University Press, 1951. xx, 166 p. plates. 23 cm. Yale Poems, YP Series.

Anecdotes of the Life of the Right Hon. William Pitt, Earl of Chatham

Almon, John, 1737–1805 · 1801 · Anecdotes of the life of the Right Hon. William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. London, 1801. 3 v. 22 cm.

Avicenna, His Life and Works

Afnan, Soheil Mohsin · 1958 · Avicenna, his life and works. George Allen & Unwin, 1958.

Beowulf and the Finnesburg Fragments

Beowulf · 1950 · Beowulf and the Finnesburg fragments... New edition completely revised... with preparatory reading by J. R. R. Tolkien. Allen & Unwin, 1950.

Beowulf, the Oldest English Epic

Beowulf · 1940 · Beowulf, the oldest English epic; translated into alliterative verse with a critical introduction by Charles W. Kennedy. Oxford University Press, 1940.

Chansons Populaires des Pyrénées Françaises

Jean Poueigh · 1933 · Paris: F. Alcan, 1933.

Chapman’s Homer

Allardyce Nicoll, editor · 1956 · New York: Pantheon / Bollingen Series. Includes The Iliad, The Odyssey, and the Lesser Homerica.

Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence culminates centuries of reflection on liberty by asserting that legitimate government rests on natural rights and the consent of the governed. It is the first written declaration by a people of their right to choose their own system of government. By declaring that power exists to secure pre-existing rights—and may be altered when it destroys them—it gives liberty its clearest political voice: authority is just only when it serves equal rights under law.

Democracy in America

Alexis de Tocqueville · 1945 · Seminal analysis of democracy and American culture.

Economic Forces at Work

Alchian, Armen A. · 1977 · Economic essays with introduction by Ronald Coase.

Egmont

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 1749–1832 · 1950 · Egmont, a tragedy in five acts. Translated from the German by Willard R. Trask. Introduction by Alexander Gode von Aesch. Great Neck, N.Y., Barron’s Educational Series, [1950]. 120 p. 19 cm.

Essays in Science and Philosophy

Alfred North Whitehead · 1948 · Collection of essays on science and metaphysics.

Goethe: Two Addresses

Schweitzer, Albert, 1875– · 1949 · Goethe: two addresses, with an introduction by Charles R. Joy. Boston, Beacon Press, 1949. 75 p. 24 cm.

Homeri Opera

Monro and Allen, editors · 1908–1912 · Oxford Classical Text. Greek text of the Iliad, Odyssey, Hymns, etc.

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvin, Jean, 1509–1564 · 1949 · Institutes of the Christian religion... Translated by John Allen. 1949.

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvin, Jean, 1509–1564 · 1936 · Institutes of the Christian religion... Translated by John Allen. 1936.

Job

Job confronts one of humanity’s most unsettling questions: how does conscience endure when power, suffering, and justice seem radically out of alignment. By insisting on moral integrity even in the face of overwhelming authority and undeserved suffering, Job affirms a core insight of liberty—that the individual conscience may stand in judgment when power offers no answers.

Journey to America

Alexis de Tocqueville · 1959 · Travel observations and reflections on American society.

La Divina Commedia

Dante Alighieri, 1265–1321 · 1928 · La Divina Commedia. Revised text edited by Mario Casella. London: Nonesuch Press, 1928. ARD-5813

Moral Essays

Pope, Alexander, 1688–1744 · 1951 · Moral essays, edited by F. W. Bateson. London, Methuen; New Haven, Yale University Press, 1951. lxxxii, 190 p. illustrations. 23 cm. The Twickenham Edition, v. 3, pt. 1.

Mozart: His Character, His Work

Einstein, Alfred, 1880–1952 · 1956 · Translated by Eric Blom. London & New York, 1956. A major study of Mozart’s life and music.

New Essays Concerning Human Understanding

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Freiherr von, 1646–1716 · 1896 · New essays concerning human understanding... Translated by Alfred Gideon Langley. New York, Macmillan Company, 1896. 2 v.

On World-Government, or De Monarchia

Dante Alighieri, 1265–1321 · 1949 · On World-Government, or De Monarchia. Translated by Herbert W. Schneider. New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1949.

Our Enemy, the State

Nock, Albert Jay, 1870–1945 · 1935 · A classic critique of centralized political power and state authority. New York, William Morrow & Company, 1935.

Papers on Public Credit, Commerce, and Finance

Hamilton, Alexander, 1757–1804 · 1957 · Papers on public credit, commerce, and finance. Edited by Samuel McKee, Jr., with introduction by J. Harris Wilkins. New York, Liberal Arts Press, 1957. xix, 284 p. 21 cm.

Philosophical Writings

Duns, Joannes Scotus, 1265?–1308? · 1962 · Philosophical Writings: A Selection. Edited and translated by Allan Wolter. Edinburgh: Nelson, 1962.

Relativity: The Special and General Theory

Einstein, Albert, 1879–1955 · 1947 · Translated by Robert W. Lawson. New York, Hartsdale House, 1947. Einstein’s accessible introduction to relativity.

Science and the Modern World

Alfred North Whitehead · 1926 · Whitehead’s influential interpretation of modern science.

The Age of Reason

Paine, Thomas, 1737–1809 · 1950 · The age of reason. Edited with an introduction by Albury Castell. New York, The Liberal Arts Press, 1950. v–vii, 59 p. 20½ cm. ARD-9759

The Chapters of Coming Forth by Day

E. A. Wallis Budge, editor · 1910 · Also known as The Theban Recension of the Book of the Dead. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd., 1910. 8 volumes.

The Chinese Classics

James Legge, editor and translator · Referenced edition · Cross-reference entry. See also B.C. 600–500 series.

The Decameron

Boccaccio, Giovanni, 1313–1375 · 1949 · The Decameron. Translated by Richard Aldington. Illustrated by Rockwell Kent. Garden City, N.Y.: Garden City Publishing Co., 1949.

The Decline of the West

Spengler, Oswald, 1880–1936 · 1947 · Authorized English translation with notes by Charles Francis Atkinson. New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1947. 2 volumes.

The Divine Comedy

Dante Alighieri, 1265–1321 · 1946 · The Divine Comedy. Illustrated by Umberto Romano. Translated by Henry Francis Cary. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1946.

The Evolution of Buddhist Architecture in Japan

Alexander Coburn Soper · 1942 · Princeton: Princeton University Press; London: Oxford University Press, 1942.

The Federalist

Hamilton, Alexander; Jay, John; Madison, James · 1941 · The Federalist; a commentary on the Constitution of the United States. From the original text of Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison. With introduction by Edward Mead Earle. New York, Modern Library Special Edition, 1941. xiv, 622 p. 19 cm. ARD-9307

The Gilgamesh Epic and Old Testament Parallels

Alexander Heidel · 1949 · 2nd edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949. ix, 269 pages, 25 cm. A companion to the author's monograph The Babylonian Genesis.

The Iliad of Homer

Alexander Pope, translator · 1943 · New York: Heritage Press, 1943. Verse translation with Flaxman illustrations.

The Imitation of Christ

Imitatio Christi. English · n.d. · The Imitation of Christ. Translated and edited by Albert Hyma. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, n.d.

The Italian Madrigal

Einstein, Alfred, 1880– · 1949 · The Italian madrigal... 1949.

The Letters of Abelard and Heloise

Abélard, Peter, 1079–1142 · 1718 · The letters of Abelard and Heloise. Edited by John Hughes. London: W. Bowyer, 1718. Includes poems by Alexander Pope. ARD-5731

The Life of Nelson

Alfred Thayer Mahan · 1897 · Biography of Admiral Nelson and study of naval strategy.

The Meaning of Relativity

Einstein, Albert, 1879–1955 · 1950 · Third revised edition including the generalized theory of gravitation. Princeton University Press, 1950.

The Odyssey of Homer

Alexander Pope, translator · 1942 · New York: Heritage Press, 1942. Verse translation with Flaxman illustrations.

The Pinnacle’s Book of Bach Chorals

Bach, Johann Sebastian, 1685–1750 · 1933 · The Pinnacle’s Book of Bach Chorals; 100 chorales harmonized by J. S. Bach. Compiled and edited by Albert Riemenschneider. Boston, Oxford University Press, [1933]. 57 p. 30½ cm. ARD-9101

Resources

Alexander Hamilton: Selections

Hamilton, Alexander, 1757–1804 · 1957 · Alexander Hamilton: selections representing his life, his thought, and his style. Edited with an introduction by Bower Aly. New York, Liberal Arts Press, [1957]. xxxv, 201 p. 21 cm.

Also the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

Bede, the Venerable, Saint, 673–735 · 1907? · Also the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Translated by J. A. Giles. Bohn’s Antiquarian Library.

The Commedia and Canzoniere of Dante Alighieri

Dante Alighieri, 1265–1321 · 1896 · The Commedia and Canzoniere of Dante Alighieri. Translated by E. H. Plumptre. London: Isbister and Company, 1896. 2 volumes.

The De Monarchia of Dante Alighieri

Dante Alighieri, 1265–1321 · 1904 · The De Monarchia of Dante Alighieri. Edited with translation and notes by Aurelia Henry. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1904.

The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri

Dante Alighieri, 1265–1321 · 1932 · The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri. The Carlyle-Wicksteed translation. New York: The Modern Library, 1932.

Anecdotes of the Life of the Right Hon. William Pitt, Earl of Chatham

Almon, John, 1737–1805 · 1801 · Anecdotes of the life of the Right Hon. William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. London, 1801. 3 v. 22 cm.

Beowulf and the Finnesburg Fragments

Beowulf · 1950 · Beowulf and the Finnesburg fragments... New edition completely revised... with preparatory reading by J. R. R. Tolkien. Allen & Unwin, 1950.

Beowulf, the Oldest English Epic

Beowulf · 1940 · Beowulf, the oldest English epic; translated into alliterative verse with a critical introduction by Charles W. Kennedy. Oxford University Press, 1940.

Egmont

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 1749–1832 · 1950 · Egmont, a tragedy in five acts. Translated from the German by Willard R. Trask. Introduction by Alexander Gode von Aesch. Great Neck, N.Y., Barron’s Educational Series, [1950]. 120 p. 19 cm.

La Divina Commedia

Dante Alighieri, 1265–1321 · 1928 · La Divina Commedia. Revised text edited by Mario Casella. London: Nonesuch Press, 1928. ARD-5813

On World-Government, or De Monarchia

Dante Alighieri, 1265–1321 · 1949 · On World-Government, or De Monarchia. Translated by Herbert W. Schneider. New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1949.

Papers on Public Credit, Commerce, and Finance

Hamilton, Alexander, 1757–1804 · 1957 · Papers on public credit, commerce, and finance. Edited by Samuel McKee, Jr., with introduction by J. Harris Wilkins. New York, Liberal Arts Press, 1957. xix, 284 p. 21 cm.

The Divine Comedy

Dante Alighieri, 1265–1321 · 1946 · The Divine Comedy. Illustrated by Umberto Romano. Translated by Henry Francis Cary. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1946.

The Federalist

Hamilton, Alexander; Jay, John; Madison, James · 1941 · The Federalist; a commentary on the Constitution of the United States. From the original text of Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison. With introduction by Edward Mead Earle. New York, Modern Library Special Edition, 1941. xiv, 622 p. 19 cm. ARD-9307

The Imitation of Christ

Imitatio Christi. English · n.d. · The Imitation of Christ. Translated and edited by Albert Hyma. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, n.d.