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People
Paul
Paul was born into a Jewish family with Roman citizenship, a status that afforded him unique privileges and mobility throughout the empire. Deeply devoted to Jewish tradition, he initially saw the early Christian movement as a dangerous threat to Judaism. He actively sought to suppress it, participating in the persecution of Jesus’s followers.
PeoplePaul
Paul contended that freedom rests in conscience and moral equality rather than status, ethnicity, or force. By teaching that law serves justice—and that power is accountable to truth and love—he helped universalize a principle essential to free societies: authority is legitimate only when it respects the equal dignity of persons.
PeopleBenedict
Saint Benedict, also known as Benedict of Nursia, is a Christian monk and a renowned figure in the field of philosophy. He is primarily known for his significant contributions to ethical theory and political philosophy. The exact details of his life remain shrouded in mystery, with conflicting accounts regarding his birthplace and upbringing. However, most scholars believe that he was born on March 2, 480, in Nursia,
PeopleBurke
Edmund Burke (1729–1797) was an Irish-born thinker, writer, and politician who made his mark in British politics and became a leading voice in shaping modern conservative thought. Born in Dublin and educated at Trinity College, he moved to London and eventually became a long-serving Member of Parliament and public intellectual. Burke stood up for tradition, slow and steady reform, and the value of inherited wisdom. H
PeopleCalvin
John Calvin (born Jean Cauvin, July 10, 1509 – May 27, 1564) was a French theologian, pastor, and principal figure of the second generation of the Protestant Reformation. Born in Noyon, Picardy, France, to a notary father and a devout mother, Calvin originally trained as a humanist lawyer. After breaking from the Roman Catholic Church around 1530 during a period of intense anti-Protestant violence in France, he sough
PeopleChaucer
Geoffrey Chaucer was born between 1340 and 1345 in London to John Chaucer, a prosperous wine merchant, and Agnes Copton. Through his father’s connections, he began his career serving as a page to Elizabeth, Countess of Ulster, and later held numerous important positions as a courtier, diplomat, civil servant, and collector of scrap metal. Chaucer was fluent in French, Italian, and Latin, traveled extensively on diplo
PeopleEuclid
Euclid was a Greek mathematician active around 300 BCE, best known for authoring Elements , one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics. While biographical details are sparse, he is believed to have taught and conducted research at the Library of Alexandria. Euclid drew on earlier work by mathematicians like Eudoxus, Pythagoras, and Theaetetus, organizing their discoveries into a deductive system
PeopleFrancis of Assisi
Francis of Assisi (c. 1181–1226 CE) was a preacher and mystic whose life and legacy have made him one of Christianity’s most cherished saints. Born Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone in the town of Assisi, he was raised in affluence as the son of a wealthy cloth merchant. He grew up in a wealthy family and had an early life of indulgence — until a spiritual awakening transformed his path entirely.
PeopleGalileo
Galileo Galilei (b. February 15, 1564, Pisa, Italy – d. January 8, 1642, Arcetri, near Florence) was an Italian natural philosopher, astronomer, physicist, and mathematician. Born to Vincenzo Galilei, a musician, Galileo originally studied medicine at the University of Pisa but shifted to mathematics and philosophy. He became a professor at Pisa and later at the University of Padua. Galileo was known for his experime
PeopleHippocrates
Pioneer of Medical Science : Hippocrates revolutionized medicine by introducing systematic observation and diagnosis, emphasizing natural causes of disease over supernatural explanations.
PeopleHume
David Hume, a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, is considered one of the most important figures in the history of Western philosophy. Born in Edinburgh in 1711, Hume was raised by his widowed mother after the death of his father. He studied law at the University of Edinburgh but soon discovered his passion for philosophy and literature. Hume’s works encompass a wide range of topics, including
PeopleJohn
John the Apostle, also known as Saint John the Beloved, was one of Jesus’ twelve disciples according to the New Testament. He is traditionally considered to be the author of the Gospel of John, three epistles, and the Book of Revelation. He was born in 6 AD at Bethsaida in Galilee during the Roman Empire. John was the son of Zebedee and Salome and is listed as the youngest apostle. He is the brother of James the Grea
PeopleKant
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) was a German philosopher who stands as one of the most important figures in Western philosophy. Born and raised in Königsberg, Prussia, he spent his entire life there, teaching, thinking, and writing.
PeopleLuke
Evangelist of Compassion : Luke, a physician and author of the third Gospel and Acts of the Apostles, is renowned for his emphasis on Jesus’ mercy, inclusion of the marginalized, and detailed historical narrative in the New Testament.
PeopleLuther
Martin Luther (1483–1546 CE) was a German monk, theologian, professor, and reformer whose 95 Theses (1517) ignited the Protestant Reformation, fracturing Western Christendom. Born in Eisleben (Saxony), he studied law at Erfurt before a 1505 thunderstorm vow led him to join the Augustinian friars. Ordained in 1507, he earned a doctorate in theology (1512) and taught at Wittenberg University. Tormented by guilt and Anf
PeopleMaimonides
Maimonides, also known as Moses Ben Maimon, was a famous Jewish philosopher, theologian, physician, and influential Torah scholar in the Middle Ages. He was born in Cordoba, Spain, around 1135 AD, and died in Cairo, Egypt, in 1204. Maimonides is considered one of the greatest Jewish scholars of all time, known for his vast contributions to philosophy, medicine, and Jewish law. In his time, he served as a personal phy
PeopleMark
• Author of the Earliest Gospel: The Gospel of Mark is widely considered the first written gospel and served as a source for Matthew and Luke (the “Synoptic Problem”).
PeopleMilton
John Milton (London, 9 December 1608 – London, 8 November 1674) was an English poet, polemicist, intellectual, and civil servant. Born into a devout and musically gifted family, he was educated first at St. Paul’s School and then at Christ’s College, Cambridge, where he cultivated his love of languages and literature. Following extensive private study and travel in Europe (notably Italy), Milton became engaged in the
PeoplePlotinus
Plotinus was a Greek philosopher born in Roman Egypt, most likely in Lyco (modern Asyut) or Lycopolis. He is widely recognized as the founder of Neoplatonism, a philosophy that profoundly influenced late antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance. Plotinus began studying philosophy in Alexandria at age 28, becoming a devoted student of Ammonius Saccas for eleven years. He joined Emperor Gordian III’s Persian exp
PeopleReformation Chorale
Reformation Chorale is a seminal collection of hymns and songs that emerged during the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. Comprising a wide array of musical compositions, the Reformation Chorale played a significant role in the spread of Protestant ideas and theology through congregational singing. This musical tradition, rooted in the principles of sola scriptura and congregational participation, was a key
PeopleAugustine
Augustine (Aurelius Augustinus, 354–430 CE) was a North African theologian, philosopher, and bishop whose writings shaped Western Christianity and Latin thought. Born in Thagaste (present-day Souk Ahras, Algeria), Augustine received a classical education in rhetoric at Carthage, taught in Rome and Milan, and converted to Christianity in 386 under Ambrose’s influence. After returning to Africa, he became bishop of Hip
PeopleDeclaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence (1776), primarily authored by Thomas Jefferson and edited by the Continental Congress, drew heavily from Enlightenment thinkers, especially John Locke’s ideas of natural rights, social contract theory, and the right of revolution (adapted famously from “life, liberty, and property” to “Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness”). It also echoed the Virginia Declaration of Rights by Ge
PeopleGaius
Gaius (full name unknown, fl. c. 160 CE) was a Roman jurist and legal educator whose Institutes became the foundational textbook of Roman law. Likely born in the eastern provinces (possibly Asia Minor), Gaius taught law in Rome during the Antonine era, outside the imperial bureaucracy. He systematized centuries of legal tradition into a clear, student-oriented framework, dividing law into persons, things, and actions
PeopleVirgil
Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro, c. 70–19 BCE) was a Roman poet and the foremost literary figure of the Augustan Age. Born in Andes near Mantua (present-day northern Italy), Virgil received a classical education in rhetoric, philosophy, and poetry in Rome and Naples. He rose to prominence under the patronage of Emperor Augustus, crafting works that blended Greek literary models with Roman national identity. Virgil’s p
Books & Works
A Commentary on St. Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians
Luther, Martin, 1483–1546 · n.d. · A commentary on St. Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians, by Martin Luther. New abridged translation by Theodore Graebner.
Books & WorksA Panorama of the World's Legal Systems
John Henry Wigmore · 1928 · Saint Paul: West Publishing Company, 1928. 3 volumes with illustrations. Surveys sixteen principal legal systems including Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Hebrew, Chinese, Hindu, Greek, Roman, and others.
Books & WorksCalvin (Smith)
Calvin, Jean, 1509–1564 · 1949 · Calvin (Smith) translated by Paul T. Fuhrmann. 1949.
Books & WorksElements of Geometry, Book I
Euclid · 1944 (Valéry intro.) · Limited edition with introduction by Paul Valéry.
Books & WorksEssays on the American Constitution
Paul Leicester Ford · 1892 · Historical essays and commentary on the U.S. Constitution.
Books & WorksFreedom of the Will
Edwards, Jonathan, 1703–1758 · 1957 · Freedom of the will, edited by Paul Ramsey. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1957. xl, 624 p. 25 cm. The Works, v. 1.
Books & WorksThe Chapters of Coming Forth by Day
E. A. Wallis Budge, editor · 1910 · Also known as The Theban Recension of the Book of the Dead. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd., 1910. 8 volumes.
Books & WorksThe Dream of the Early Chamber Period
Ts’ao Hsueh-ch’in, 1717 (?)–1764 · 1958 · The dream of the early chamber period. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1958. xxvi, 592 p. illustrations. 24 cm. ARD-9718
Books & WorksThe Enneads
Plotinus · MacKenna trans., Page rev. · Translated by Stephen MacKenna. Revised by B. S. Page, with a foreword by E. R. Dodds and an introduction by Paul Henry. New York: Pantheon Books.
Books & WorksThe Guide for the Perplexed
Maimonides, 1135–1204 · 1904 · The Guide for the Perplexed. Translated by M. Friedländer. 2nd edition. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1904. ARD-5782
Books & WorksThe Secret of the Golden Flower
Wilhelm, Richard & C. G. Jung · 1931 · A Chinese spiritual text translated and explained by Richard Wilhelm with commentary by Carl Jung. London, Kegan Paul, 1931.
Books & WorksThe Songs of Sappho
Sappho · 1942 · Mount Vernon, New York: Peter Pauper Press, 1942. English translations by many poets, decorated by Paul McPharlin.
Books & WorksThe Travels of an Alchemist
Li Chih-ch‘ang, 1193–1278 · 1931 · The Travels of an Alchemist: Journey of the Taoist Ch‘ang-ch‘un. Translated by Arthur Waley. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1931.
Books & WorksTheodicy
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Freiherr von, 1646–1716 · 1951 · Theodicy... New translated edition with introduction by Austin Farrer. London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1951.
Books & WorksDe Causa Boemica
Hus, Johannes, 1369?–1415 · n.d. · De causa Boemica. Pauli Constantii vulgo Ferarreri quondam celeberrimi Constantiniensis concilii sententia qua Hussitae damnati sunt. Latin text.
Resources
A Commentary on St. Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians
Luther, Martin, 1483–1546 · n.d. · A commentary on St. Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians, by Martin Luther. New abridged translation by Theodore Graebner.
ResourcesA Panorama of the World's Legal Systems
John Henry Wigmore · 1928 · Saint Paul: West Publishing Company, 1928. 3 volumes with illustrations. Surveys sixteen principal legal systems including Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Hebrew, Chinese, Hindu, Greek, Roman, and others.
ResourcesCalvin (Smith)
Calvin, Jean, 1509–1564 · 1949 · Calvin (Smith) translated by Paul T. Fuhrmann. 1949.
ResourcesElements of Geometry, Book I
Euclid · 1944 (Valéry intro.) · Limited edition with introduction by Paul Valéry.
ResourcesEssays on the American Constitution
Paul Leicester Ford · 1892 · Historical essays and commentary on the U.S. Constitution.
ResourcesThe Enneads
Plotinus · MacKenna trans., Page rev. · Translated by Stephen MacKenna. Revised by B. S. Page, with a foreword by E. R. Dodds and an introduction by Paul Henry. New York: Pantheon Books.