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People
Luther
Martin Luther (1483–1546 CE) was a German monk, theologian, professor, and reformer whose 95 Theses (1517) ignited the Protestant Reformation, fracturing Western Christendom. Born in Eisleben (Saxony), he studied law at Erfurt before a 1505 thunderstorm vow led him to join the Augustinian friars. Ordained in 1507, he earned a doctorate in theology (1512) and taught at Wittenberg University. Tormented by guilt and Anf
PeopleLuther
Martin Luther advocates for freedom of conscience bound to responsibility, arguing that no earthly authority may coerce belief or usurp moral judgment. By stressing the inward character of Christianity, Luther sparked the Protestant Reformation. By separating inward freedom from outward obedience, he advances a pivotal principle for free societies: conscience answers to truth, not command.
PeopleAmos
Prophetic Voice of Justice : Amos is recognized as one of the Twelve Minor Prophets in the Hebrew Bible, known for his powerful messages condemning social injustice and moral corruption in Israel and Judah.
PeopleAugustine
Augustine (Aurelius Augustinus, 354–430 CE) was a North African theologian, philosopher, and bishop whose writings shaped Western Christianity and Latin thought. Born in Thagaste (present-day Souk Ahras, Algeria), Augustine received a classical education in rhetoric at Carthage, taught in Rome and Milan, and converted to Christianity in 386 under Ambrose’s influence. After returning to Africa, he became bishop of Hip
PeopleCalvin
John Calvin (born Jean Cauvin, July 10, 1509 – May 27, 1564) was a French theologian, pastor, and principal figure of the second generation of the Protestant Reformation. Born in Noyon, Picardy, France, to a notary father and a devout mother, Calvin originally trained as a humanist lawyer. After breaking from the Roman Catholic Church around 1530 during a period of intense anti-Protestant violence in France, he sough
PeopleErasmus
Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536) was a Dutch scholar, writer, and priest who is known for his works that laid the foundation for the Protestant Reformation. Born in Rotterdam and orphaned young, he reluctantly became an Augustinian monk before obtaining permission to study abroad. As a wandering scholar, he lived across Europe, supporting himself through teaching, patronage, and his extraordinarily popular writings. Hi
PeopleHuss
His outspoken views didn’t go unnoticed. In 1415, he was summoned to the Council of Constance, where he was put on trial for heresy. Hus stood by what he believed and refused to take back his words. He was sentenced to death and burned at the stake. His execution lit the spark for the Hussite movement and a wave of religious conflict across Central Europe.
PeopleIsaiah
• Prophetic Voice of Justice: Isaiah is celebrated as one of the major prophets in the Hebrew Bible, known for his powerful messages of justice, righteousness, and the coming of a Messiah, addressing the moral failings of Judah and the hope of redemption.
PeopleJeremiah
Prophetic Voice of Judah’s Covenant : Jeremiah is renowned for his impassioned calls for repentance and warnings of divine judgment against Judah’s unfaithfulness. His messages, often delivered through symbolic acts, emphasized God’s covenant and the consequences of straying from it.
PeopleJob
Job is the central figure of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible and a prophet in Islam known as Ayyūb. Introduced as a prosperous and righteous man in the land of Uz, Job is continually tested in a bet between God and Satan. Known for his integrity and devotion to God, Job is described as ‘blameless,’ making his suffering a well-known literary tragedy. Structured between a prose prologue and epilogue, the Book of Jo
PeopleMelanchthon
Philipp Melanchthon, born Philipp Schwartzerdt on February 16, 1497, in Bretten, Germany, was a highly influential German reformer, theologian, and scholar during the Protestant Reformation. He is best known for his close collaboration with Martin Luther and his role in the development of Lutheran theology. Melanchthon was a key figure in the establishment of the University of Wittenberg, where he served as a profess
PeopleMelanchthon
Philipp Melanchthon, a close supporter of Luther, gives liberty an educational foundation, arguing that freedom is sustained not by passion or revolt but by disciplined learning, moral formation, and lawful order. By uniting humanist education with constitutional restraint, he advances a central insight for free societies: liberty endures where reason is cultivated and authority is tempered by law and learning.
PeopleMicah
Micah is a biblical figure who lived around the 8th century BCE at Moresheth-Gath, in the kingdom of Judah. He was considered to be one of the twelve minor prophets in the Hebrew Bible. According to the Hebrew Bible, Micah was a prophet of Yahweh, and he is considered to be the author of the book “The Book of Micah.” He is traditionally believed to have been a contemporary of the prophets Isaiah, Amos, and Hosea. Mic
PeoplePaul
Paul was born into a Jewish family with Roman citizenship, a status that afforded him unique privileges and mobility throughout the empire. Deeply devoted to Jewish tradition, he initially saw the early Christian movement as a dangerous threat to Judaism. He actively sought to suppress it, participating in the persecution of Jesus’s followers.
PeopleReformation Chorale
Reformation Chorale is a seminal collection of hymns and songs that emerged during the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. Comprising a wide array of musical compositions, the Reformation Chorale played a significant role in the spread of Protestant ideas and theology through congregational singing. This musical tradition, rooted in the principles of sola scriptura and congregational participation, was a key
PeopleReformation Chorale
The Reformation Chorale, many of whose hymns Martin Luther wrote, advances liberty by placing worship—and with it moral authority—into the voices of ordinary people. By transforming congregations from passive listeners into active participants, it embodies a decisive insight for free societies: freedom deepens where authority is shared, intelligible, and exercised in common rather than imposed from above.
PeopleSavonarola
Girolamo Savonarola (born September 21, 1452, Ferrara, Italy—died May 23, 1498, Florence) was a Dominican friar, preacher, and religious reformer of Renaissance Florence. Born to a prosperous merchant family, Savonarola early became disillusioned with the corruption of society and the Church, prompting him to join the Dominican Order in 1475. Excelling in theology and scriptural studies, he soon gained a reputation a
PeopleWycliffe
John Wycliffe (c. 1328–1384 CE) was an English theologian, scholar, and early reformer whose bold critiques of the medieval Church earned him the title “Morning Star of the Reformation.” Educated at Oxford—where he would also later teach—Wycliffe emerged as a leading voice against ecclesiastical corruption, challenging the Church’s immense wealth, political entanglements, and theological practices.
PeopleZwingli
Huldrych Zwingli (1484–1531) was a Swiss pastor and theologian who led the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland—separately from Martin Luther, though around the same time. Born in the village of Wildhaus in the Swiss Alps, Zwingli studied in Vienna and Basel, where he developed a strong interest in both classical learning and Christian theology.
Periods
Books & Works
Dr. Martin Luther’s Large Catechism
Luther, Martin, 1483–1546 · 1935 · Dr. Martin Luther’s Large Catechism. 1935.
Books & WorksLuther’s Small Catechism
Luther, Martin, 1483–1546 · 1907 · Luther’s Small catechism... 1907.
Books & WorksThe Table Talk of Martin Luther
Luther, Martin, 1483–1546 · 1950 · The table talk of Martin Luther... Based on the English translation of William Hazlitt.
Books & WorksWorks of Martin Luther
Luther, Martin, 1483–1546 · 1943 · Works of Martin Luther. Philadelphia edition. 1943.
Books & WorksWorks of Martin Luther
Luther, Martin, 1483–1546 · 1915 · Works of Martin Luther... Philadelphia, A. J. Holman Company, 1915.
Books & WorksD. Martin Lutheri Colloquia Mensalia
Luther, Martin, 1483–1546 · n.d. · D. Martin Lutheri Colloquia Mensalia.
Books & WorksA Commentary on St. Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians
Luther, Martin, 1483–1546 · n.d. · A commentary on St. Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians, by Martin Luther. New abridged translation by Theodore Graebner.
Books & WorksA Syllabus of the History of Chinese Civilization and Culture
Luther Carrington Goodrich and H. C. Fenn · 1950 · 5th revised edition. New York: China Society of America, 1950. 55 pages with illustrations, 28 cm. A syllabus covering the history of Chinese civilization and culture. Subjects: China — History — Outlines and syllabi; China — Civilization — Bibliography.
Books & WorksReformation Writings
Luther, Martin, 1483–1546 · 1952 · Reformation writings; translated... by Bertram Lee Woolf.
Books & WorksThe Sermon on the Mount and The Magnificat
Luther, Martin, 1483–1546 · 1959 · The sermon on the mount and The magnificat. Edited by Jaroslav Pelikan.
Books & WorksThree Treatises
Luther, Martin, 1483–1546 · 1943 · Three treatises... 1943.
Resources
Dr. Martin Luther’s Large Catechism
Luther, Martin, 1483–1546 · 1935 · Dr. Martin Luther’s Large Catechism. 1935.
ResourcesLuther’s Small Catechism
Luther, Martin, 1483–1546 · 1907 · Luther’s Small catechism... 1907.
ResourcesThe Table Talk of Martin Luther
Luther, Martin, 1483–1546 · 1950 · The table talk of Martin Luther... Based on the English translation of William Hazlitt.
ResourcesWorks of Martin Luther
Luther, Martin, 1483–1546 · 1915 · Works of Martin Luther... Philadelphia, A. J. Holman Company, 1915.
ResourcesD. Martin Lutheri Colloquia Mensalia
Luther, Martin, 1483–1546 · n.d. · D. Martin Lutheri Colloquia Mensalia.
ResourcesA Commentary on St. Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians
Luther, Martin, 1483–1546 · n.d. · A commentary on St. Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians, by Martin Luther. New abridged translation by Theodore Graebner.
ResourcesA Syllabus of the History of Chinese Civilization and Culture
Luther Carrington Goodrich and H. C. Fenn · 1950 · 5th revised edition. New York: China Society of America, 1950. 55 pages with illustrations, 28 cm. A syllabus covering the history of Chinese civilization and culture. Subjects: China — History — Outlines and syllabi; China — Civilization — Bibliography.
ResourcesReformation Writings
Luther, Martin, 1483–1546 · 1952 · Reformation writings; translated... by Bertram Lee Woolf.
ResourcesThe Sermon on the Mount and The Magnificat
Luther, Martin, 1483–1546 · 1959 · The sermon on the mount and The magnificat. Edited by Jaroslav Pelikan.
ResourcesThree Treatises
Luther, Martin, 1483–1546 · 1943 · Three treatises... 1943.