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Kant
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) was a German philosopher who stands as one of the most important figures in Western philosophy. Born and raised in Königsberg, Prussia, he spent his entire life there, teaching, thinking, and writing.
PeopleKant
Immanuel Kant anchors liberty in moral autonomy, arguing that freedom consists not in doing as one pleases but in obeying laws one can rationally will for all. The human being is always an end in himself, never a means to an end. By grounding rights and political authority in universal moral law, he delivers a decisive insight for free societies: power is legitimate only when it respects the equal moral agency of every person.
PeopleAristotle
Aristotle was born in 384 BCE in Stagira, a Greek city on the Chalcidic peninsula of Macedonia. His father, Nicomachus, was a physician to King Amyntas III of Macedon, providing Aristotle with early exposure to medicine and natural philosophy. After his father’s death, Aristotle moved to Athens at age seventeen, where he became a student at Plato’s Academy. He remained there for two decades, deeply engaging with Plat
PeopleGrotius
Hugo Grotius (1583–1645) was a Dutch legal genius, philosopher, theologian, and diplomat who helped lay the groundwork for modern international law. Born in Delft, Netherlands, he was a child prodigy—fluent in Latin and Greek by age 8 and publishing scholarly work at just 11.
PeopleHume
David Hume, a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, is considered one of the most important figures in the history of Western philosophy. Born in Edinburgh in 1711, Hume was raised by his widowed mother after the death of his father. He studied law at the University of Edinburgh but soon discovered his passion for philosophy and literature. Hume’s works encompass a wide range of topics, including
PeopleLocke
John Locke was a prominent English philosopher and physician in the 17th century, known for his contributions to the fields of political theory, epistemology, and philosophy of mind. He was born in Wrington, Somerset, England, on August 29, 1632, and died on October 28, 1704, in Oates, Essex. Locke’s influence on Western philosophy and political thought is profound, with his ideas shaping the Enlightenment period and
PeopleMencius
Mencius, also known as Mengzi or Meng-tzu, was one of the influential Chinese Confucian philosophers who lived during the Warring States period. He is considered one of the most important Confucian thinkers after Confucius himself (often referred to as the Second Sage). Mencius was born in the state of Zou (now known as Shandong Province) in 371 BCE and is believed to have died around 289 BCE. Little is known about h
PeoplePlato
Plato (c. 428/427–348/347 BCE) was a Greek philosopher, writer, and foundational figure in Western philosophy. A student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle, Plato founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. His writings—mostly in the form of philosophical dialogues—explored ethics, politics, metaphysics, epistemology, art, and education. After the Trial of Socrates,
Periods
Books & Works
Critique of Judgement
Kant, Immanuel, 1724–1804 · 1914 · Kant’s Critique of Judgement, translated with introduction and notes by J. H. Bernard. 2nd edition, revised. London, Macmillan and Co., 1914. xlviii, 429 p. 23½ cm.
Books & WorksCritique of Practical Reason
Kant, Immanuel, 1724–1804 · 1956 · Critique of Practical Reason, translated with an introduction by Lewis White Beck. New York, Liberal Arts Press, [1956]. 108 p. 21 cm.
Books & WorksCritique of Practical Reason and Other Works on the Theory of Ethics
Kant, Immanuel, 1724–1804 · 1909 · Kant’s Critique of Practical Reason and other works on the theory of ethics. Translated by Thomas Kingsmill Abbott. New York and Bombay, Longmans, Green and Co., 1909.
Books & WorksCritique of Practical Reason and Other Writings in Moral Philosophy
Kant, Immanuel, 1724–1804 · 1949 · Critique of Practical Reason and other writings in moral philosophy. Translated and edited with introduction by Lewis White Beck. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1949. cv, 369 p. 22 cm.
Books & WorksCritique of Pure Reason
Kant, Immanuel, 1724–1804 · 1881 · Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. Translated into English by F. Max Müller, with historical introduction by Ludwig Noiré. London, Macmillan & Company, 1881. 2 v. 22 cm.
Books & WorksCritique of Pure Reason
Kant, Immanuel, 1724–1804 · 1949 · Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. Translated into English by F. Max Müller. New York, Macmillan Company, 1949. 808 p. 21 cm. ARD-9750
Books & WorksFundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Ethics
Kant, Immanuel, 1724–1804 · 1946 · Fundamental principles of the metaphysic of ethics. Translated by Thomas Kingsmill Abbott. Chicago, The Open Court Publishing Company, 1946. 102 p. 18½ cm. ARD-9737
Books & WorksFundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Ethics
Kant, Immanuel, 1724–1804 · 1938 · Fundamental principles of the metaphysic of ethics. Translated with introduction by Otto Manthey-Zorn. New York, London, D. Appleton-Century Company, 1938. xx, 84 p. 19½ cm.
Books & WorksFundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals
Kant, Immanuel, 1724–1804 · 1949 · Fundamental principles of the metaphysics of morals. Translated by Thomas K. Abbott, with introduction by Marvin Fox. New York, The Liberal Arts Press, c1949. xv–80 p. 20 cm. The Little Library of Liberal Arts.
Books & WorksPerpetual Peace
Kant, Immanuel, 1724–1804 · 1957 · Perpetual peace, edited with an introduction by Lewis White Beck. New York, Liberal Arts Press, [1957]. xii, 50 p. 21 cm.
Books & WorksThe Metaphysic of Ethics
Kant, Immanuel, 1724–1804 · 1869 · The metaphysic of ethics. Translated by J. W. Semple. New edition. Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark, 1869. xvi, 309 p. 20 cm. ARD-9735
Resources
Critique of Judgement
Kant, Immanuel, 1724–1804 · 1914 · Kant’s Critique of Judgement, translated with introduction and notes by J. H. Bernard. 2nd edition, revised. London, Macmillan and Co., 1914. xlviii, 429 p. 23½ cm.
ResourcesCritique of Practical Reason
Kant, Immanuel, 1724–1804 · 1956 · Critique of Practical Reason, translated with an introduction by Lewis White Beck. New York, Liberal Arts Press, [1956]. 108 p. 21 cm.
ResourcesCritique of Practical Reason and Other Works on the Theory of Ethics
Kant, Immanuel, 1724–1804 · 1909 · Kant’s Critique of Practical Reason and other works on the theory of ethics. Translated by Thomas Kingsmill Abbott. New York and Bombay, Longmans, Green and Co., 1909.
ResourcesCritique of Practical Reason and Other Writings in Moral Philosophy
Kant, Immanuel, 1724–1804 · 1949 · Critique of Practical Reason and other writings in moral philosophy. Translated and edited with introduction by Lewis White Beck. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1949. cv, 369 p. 22 cm.
ResourcesCritique of Pure Reason
Kant, Immanuel, 1724–1804 · 1949 · Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. Translated into English by F. Max Müller. New York, Macmillan Company, 1949. 808 p. 21 cm. ARD-9750
ResourcesFundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Ethics
Kant, Immanuel, 1724–1804 · 1938 · Fundamental principles of the metaphysic of ethics. Translated with introduction by Otto Manthey-Zorn. New York, London, D. Appleton-Century Company, 1938. xx, 84 p. 19½ cm.
ResourcesFundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals
Kant, Immanuel, 1724–1804 · 1949 · Fundamental principles of the metaphysics of morals. Translated by Thomas K. Abbott, with introduction by Marvin Fox. New York, The Liberal Arts Press, c1949. xv–80 p. 20 cm. The Little Library of Liberal Arts.
ResourcesPerpetual Peace
Kant, Immanuel, 1724–1804 · 1957 · Perpetual peace, edited with an introduction by Lewis White Beck. New York, Liberal Arts Press, [1957]. xii, 50 p. 21 cm.
ResourcesThe Metaphysic of Ethics
Kant, Immanuel, 1724–1804 · 1869 · The metaphysic of ethics. Translated by J. W. Semple. New edition. Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark, 1869. xvi, 309 p. 20 cm. ARD-9735