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Augustine
Augustine (Aurelius Augustinus, 354–430 CE) was a North African theologian, philosopher, and bishop whose writings shaped Western Christianity and Latin thought. Born in Thagaste (present-day Souk Ahras, Algeria), Augustine received a classical education in rhetoric at Carthage, taught in Rome and Milan, and converted to Christianity in 386 under Ambrose’s influence. After returning to Africa, he became bishop of Hip
PeopleAugustine
Augustine separates power from ultimate authority, arguing that no earthly state can claim moral sovereignty over the soul. By distinguishing the City of Man from the City of God, he delivers a lasting warning to free societies: political order is necessary, but liberty is lost when power pretends to be ultimate.
PeopleAmbrose
• Champion of Church Independence: Ambrose stood firm on the principle that the emperor was subject to the Church in spiritual matters. His most famous confrontation was with Emperor Theodosius, whom he refused to admit to communion until the emperor repented publicly for a massacre.
PeopleBede
Bede (circa 673–735 CE), better known as The Venerable Bede, was a monk, historian, and theologian whose scholarly contributions earned him the title “Father of English History.” Born in the kingdom of Northumbria, Bede entered the twin monasteries of Monkwearmouth and Jarrow as a child and remained there for life, dedicating himself to prayer, teaching, and extensive writing.
PeopleGrotius
Hugo Grotius (1583–1645) was a Dutch legal genius, philosopher, theologian, and diplomat who helped lay the groundwork for modern international law. Born in Delft, Netherlands, he was a child prodigy—fluent in Latin and Greek by age 8 and publishing scholarly work at just 11.
PeopleJob
Job is the central figure of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible and a prophet in Islam known as Ayyūb. Introduced as a prosperous and righteous man in the land of Uz, Job is continually tested in a bet between God and Satan. Known for his integrity and devotion to God, Job is described as ‘blameless,’ making his suffering a well-known literary tragedy. Structured between a prose prologue and epilogue, the Book of Jo
PeopleJohn
John the Apostle, also known as Saint John the Beloved, was one of Jesus’ twelve disciples according to the New Testament. He is traditionally considered to be the author of the Gospel of John, three epistles, and the Book of Revelation. He was born in 6 AD at Bethsaida in Galilee during the Roman Empire. John was the son of Zebedee and Salome and is listed as the youngest apostle. He is the brother of James the Grea
PeoplePaul
Paul was born into a Jewish family with Roman citizenship, a status that afforded him unique privileges and mobility throughout the empire. Deeply devoted to Jewish tradition, he initially saw the early Christian movement as a dangerous threat to Judaism. He actively sought to suppress it, participating in the persecution of Jesus’s followers.
PeoplePlato
Plato (c. 428/427–348/347 BCE) was a Greek philosopher, writer, and foundational figure in Western philosophy. A student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle, Plato founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. His writings—mostly in the form of philosophical dialogues—explored ethics, politics, metaphysics, epistemology, art, and education. After the Trial of Socrates,
PeoplePlotinus
Plotinus was a Greek philosopher born in Roman Egypt, most likely in Lyco (modern Asyut) or Lycopolis. He is widely recognized as the founder of Neoplatonism, a philosophy that profoundly influenced late antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance. Plotinus began studying philosophy in Alexandria at age 28, becoming a devoted student of Ammonius Saccas for eleven years. He joined Emperor Gordian III’s Persian exp
PeopleThomas Aquinas
Thomas Aquinas (around 1225–1274 CE) was a Dominican friar and one of the most influential thinkers of the Middle Ages. Born into a noble family near Aquino in Italy, he surprised everyone by choosing a simple, devoted life with the Dominicans, despite his family’s objections.
PeopleWycliffe
John Wycliffe (c. 1328–1384 CE) was an English theologian, scholar, and early reformer whose bold critiques of the medieval Church earned him the title “Morning Star of the Reformation.” Educated at Oxford—where he would also later teach—Wycliffe emerged as a leading voice against ecclesiastical corruption, challenging the Church’s immense wealth, political entanglements, and theological practices.
PeopleZwingli
Huldrych Zwingli (1484–1531) was a Swiss pastor and theologian who led the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland—separately from Martin Luther, though around the same time. Born in the village of Wildhaus in the Swiss Alps, Zwingli studied in Vienna and Basel, where he developed a strong interest in both classical learning and Christian theology.
Periods
Books & Works
Augustine’s Quest of Wisdom
Bourke, Vernon Joseph · 1945 · Augustine’s quest of wisdom; life and philosophy of the Bishop of Hippo.
Books & WorksConfessions of St. Augustine, Books I–9
Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo · 1942 · Confessions... Translated by F. J. Sheed.
Books & WorksNine Sermons of Saint Augustine on the Psalms
Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo · 1959 · Nine sermons of Saint Augustine on the Psalms. Translated by Edmund Hill.
Books & WorksThe City of God by Saint Augustine
Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo · 1909 · The city of God... Translated by John Healey. Temple Classics.
Books & WorksThe Confessions of St. Augustine
Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo · 1927 · The Confessions... Translated by J. G. Pilkington.
Books & WorksWritings of St. Augustine
Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo · 1947–1948 · Writings of St. Augustine. Fathers of the Church series.
Books & WorksEnchiridion, or Manual to Laurentius
Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo · 1953 · Enchiridion... Translated by Ernest Evans. S.P.C.K., 1953.
Books & WorksOf True Religion
Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo · 1959 · Of true religion. Translated by J. H. S. Burleigh.
Books & WorksOn Christian Doctrine
Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo · 1958 · On Christian doctrine. Translated by D. W. Robertson, Jr.
Books & WorksThe City of God
Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo · 1948 · The city of God. Translated and edited by Marcus Dods.
Books & WorksThe City of God (De civitate Dei)
Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo · 1945 · The city of God... Everyman’s Library edition.
Books & WorksThe Lord’s Sermon on the Mount
Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo · 1948 · The Lord’s sermon on the mount. Translated by John J. Jepson. Ancient Christian Writers.
Resources
Confessions of St. Augustine, Books I–9
Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo · 1942 · Confessions... Translated by F. J. Sheed.
ResourcesNine Sermons of Saint Augustine on the Psalms
Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo · 1959 · Nine sermons of Saint Augustine on the Psalms. Translated by Edmund Hill.
ResourcesThe City of God by Saint Augustine
Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo · 1909 · The city of God... Translated by John Healey. Temple Classics.
ResourcesThe Confessions of St. Augustine
Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo · 1927 · The Confessions... Translated by J. G. Pilkington.
ResourcesWritings of St. Augustine
Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo · 1947–1948 · Writings of St. Augustine. Fathers of the Church series.
ResourcesEnchiridion, or Manual to Laurentius
Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo · 1953 · Enchiridion... Translated by Ernest Evans. S.P.C.K., 1953.
ResourcesOf True Religion
Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo · 1959 · Of true religion. Translated by J. H. S. Burleigh.
ResourcesOn Christian Doctrine
Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo · 1958 · On Christian doctrine. Translated by D. W. Robertson, Jr.
ResourcesThe City of God
Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo · 1948 · The city of God. Translated and edited by Marcus Dods.
ResourcesThe City of God (De civitate Dei)
Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo · 1945 · The city of God... Everyman’s Library edition.
ResourcesThe Lord’s Sermon on the Mount
Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo · 1948 · The Lord’s sermon on the mount. Translated by John J. Jepson. Ancient Christian Writers.