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3 January 106 BC, Arpinum, Roman Republic — 7 December 43 BC, Formiae, Roman RepublicCiceroCicero, full name Marcus Tullius Cicero, was a Roman statesman, orator, lawyer, writer, and philosopher who lived during the late Roman Republic. He is considered one of Rome’s greatest writers and speakers. He was born on January 3, 106 BCE, in Arpinum, Italy, and was executed on December 7, 43 BCE, in Formiae, Italy, by order of Mark Antony during the proscriptions following the assassination of Julius Caesar. CiceGoodrich collectionBhagavad GitaThe Bhagavad Gita called for disciplined action guided by conscience rather than impulse or fear. By teaching that freedom lies in acting justly without attachment to power, reward, or domination, it offers a lasting insight for free societies: self-mastery is the first restraint on tyranny.c. 287–212 BCE · MathematicsArchimedesArchimedes joined mathematical proof to practical investigation, asking how measurement, balance, and motion disclose the structure of the world.70 BCE, Andes near Mantua, Italy — 19 BCE, Brundisium, ItalyVirgilVirgil (Publius Vergilius Maro, c. 70–19 BCE) was a Roman poet and the foremost literary figure of the Augustan Age. Born in Andes near Mantua (present-day northern Italy), Virgil received a classical education in rhetoric, philosophy, and poetry in Rome and Naples. He rose to prominence under the patronage of Emperor Augustus, crafting works that blended Greek literary models with Roman national identity. Virgil’s pGSR-Wall-600-300-BC 20Nov2025GSR-Wall-0-300 AD 20Nov2025

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